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https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/_media/wiki/logo.pngtext/html2026-06-05T13:34:13+00:00Jiří Gavenda (xgavenda@undisclosed.example.com)CoinJoin ecosystem insights for Wasabi 1.x, Wasabi 2.x and Whirlpool coordinator-based privacy mixers
https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/public/papers/coinjoins_pets26
<h1 class="sectionedit1" id="coinjoin_ecosystem_insights_for_wasabi_1x_wasabi_2x_and_whirlpool_coordinator-based_privacy_mixers">CoinJoin ecosystem insights for Wasabi 1.x, Wasabi 2.x and Whirlpool coordinator-based privacy mixers</h1>
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<i class="dw-icons fa fa-user" style="font-size:16px" title=""></i> <em>Authors:</em> <a href="https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/publications/authors/petr-svenda" class="wikilink1" title="publications:authors:petr-svenda" data-wiki-id="publications:authors:petr-svenda">Petr Svenda</a>, <a href="https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/publications/authors/jiri-gavenda" class="wikilink1" title="publications:authors:jiri-gavenda" data-wiki-id="publications:authors:jiri-gavenda">Jiri Gavenda</a>, Vasilios Mavroudis, Chris Hicks
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<i class="dw-icons fa fa-user-circle-o" style="font-size:16px" title=""></i> <em>Primary contact:</em> Petr Svenda <<a href="mailto:svenda@fi.muni.cz" class="mail" title="svenda@fi.muni.cz">svenda@fi.muni.cz</a>>
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<i class="dw-icons fa fa-bullhorn" style="font-size:16px" title=""></i> <em>Conference:</em> <a href="https://petsymposium.org/" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://petsymposium.org/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">PETS 2026</a>
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<span class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-button" data-btn-type="warning" data-btn-icon="fa fa-fw fa-file-pdf-o"><a href="https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/_media/publications/pdf/2025-esorics-gavenda.pdf" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://crocs.fi.muni.cz/_media/publications/pdf/2025-esorics-gavenda.pdf" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">PRE-PRINT PDF</a></span>
<span class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-button" data-btn-type="default" data-btn-icon="fa fa-fw fa-file-code-o" data-btn-collapse="bibtex">BiBTeX</span>
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</div></div><div class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-collapse collapse in" id="bibtex"><pre class="code">@Article{2026-pets-svenda,
Title = {CoinJoin ecosystem insights for Wasabi 1. x, Wasabi 2. x and Whirlpool coordinator-based privacy mixers},
Author = {Petr Svenda and Jiri Gavenda and Vasilios Mavroudis and Chris Hicks},
Journal = {Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {557--592},
Year = {2026},
DOI = {10.56553/popets-2026-0061},
}</pre>
</div><div class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-panel panel panel-default"><div class="panel-heading"><h4 class="panel-title">Abstract</h4></div><div class="panel-body">
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Coinjoin is a collaborative Bitcoin transaction designed to enhance users' privacy by joining coins of multiple parties. Coinjoin implementations with a centralized trust-minimized coordinator have mixed more than 391,000 bitcoins since 2018. In June 2024, law enforcement actions led to the shutdown of coordinators of all three leading coinjoin designs-Wasabi 1.x, Wasabi 2.x, and Whirlpool-prompting a proliferation of new independent coordinators. Prior studies of this ecosystem offer little information beyond coinjoin detection and aggregation of related statistics, primarily due to the unavailability of information (intentionally) obscured by coinjoins.
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To overcome this limitation, we combine on-chain transaction analysis, coordinator monitoring, and active coinjoin participation, complemented by tailored analysis and visualizations, to: 1) provide a model for estimation of the number of active users at a time, 2) detect previously unknown coordinators, 3) retrospectively observe activity patterns of prominent parties, and 4) deliver continuously updated insights into the ecosystem.
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We show that while Wasabi 1.x remains inactive and recently resumed Whirlpool exhibits little activity, the Wasabi 2.x mixing has exceeded pre-shutdown levels under the new coordinator kruw.io, which now accounts for 99% of mixed inputs (over 46,000 bitcoins in the past 18 months) with raising concurrently active users now estimated to 70+ in average coinjoin, providing the first data-based estimate of the participants’ anonymity set. We revealed a previously unknown but significant coordinator active from early May to November 2024, with a method capable of identifying emerging coordinators. Although WW2 conceals large-input wallet activity more effectively than WW1, it is still detected by the proposed transaction-centric liquidity analysis.
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<h2 class="sectionedit3" id="research_artifacts_supplementary_material">Research artifacts (supplementary material)</h2>
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<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="https://github.com/crocs-muni/coinjoin-analysis" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://github.com/crocs-muni/coinjoin-analysis" rel="ugc nofollow noopener"> GitHub repository</a> </div>
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<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="https://crocs-muni.github.io/coinjoin/" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://crocs-muni.github.io/coinjoin/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener"> Ecosystem visualizations</a></div>
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